Judah ben Tabbai - Revision history

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‎Founder of the Yerushalmi Minhag HaQaraim

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{{Eras of the Halakha}}
'''Judah ben Tabbai''' ({{Lang-he-n|יהודה בן טבאי}} ''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah |first= Wilhelm |last=Bacher |volume=11 |page=357}}</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was associated, by some medieval writers, with what later came to be known as [[Karaite Judaism]].

== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==
To escape [[Alexander Jannaeus]]'s persecution of the Pharisees, Judah ben Tabbai, who was already a prominent Pharisee scholar, fled to [[Alexandria]].<ref name="JE_aj">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (Jonathan) |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan |first=Louis |last=Ginzberg |volume=1 |page=352}}</ref><ref name="JE_a"/> After Jannaeus's death in [[76 BCE]], [[Salome Alexandra]] became queen of [[Judea]]. The Pharisees now became not only a tolerated section of the community, but actually the ruling class. Salome Alexandra installed as [[High Priest of Israel|high priest]] her eldest son, [[Hyrcanus II]], a man who was wholly supportive of the Pharisees and the [[Sanhedrin]] was reorganized according to their wishes. This body had hitherto been, as it were, a "house of lords," the members of which belonged to the highest rabbinical court. From this time it became a "[[supreme court]]" for the administration of justice and religious matters, the guidance of which was placed in the hands of the Pharisees.

As part of the reorganization, Salome appointed her brother [[Simeon ben Shetach]] as [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|prince (''nasi'')]] of the Sanhedrin. Simeon ben Shetach wrote a flattering letter to Judah ben Tabbai, who was still in Alexandria, inviting him to return to Jerusalem to become the Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin (''av beit din'').

{{quote|text=With the help of Simon [Judah] undertook the reorganization of the [Sanhedrin], the improvement of the administration of the law, the re-establishment of neglected religious observances, the furthering of education, and generally the fashioning of such regulations as the times required. Like [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] of old, these two zealous men insisted upon a return to the strictest form of Judaism; and, if they were often obliged to employ severe and violent measures, these are not to be accounted to any personal malice, but to the sterness of the age itself. They were indeed scrupulously strict in their own conduct, and in directing those closely connected with them. From the days of Judah ben Tabbai and Simon ben Shetach, the rule of Judean Law, according to the view of the Pharisees, may be said to have began, and it grew and developed under each succeeding generation. These two celebrated men have therefore been called "Restorers of the [[Torah|Law]]", who "brought back the Crown (the [[Torah|Law]]) its ancient splendor."
|source=[[Heinrich Graetz]] in ''History of the Jews''<ref name="Graetz">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnMtoAjig7wC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=History of the Jews: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B. C. E) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 C. E. ) |last=[[Heinrich Graetz|Graetz]] |first=Heinrich |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=9781605209425 |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Opposition to the Sadducees ==
According to the [[Torah]], if a witness testifies falsely in court against a [[defendant]], the punishment for the [[perjury|false witness]] is the same as the pubishment would have been for the defendant had he been convicted ([[Deuteronomy]] 19:16-21). According to the Talmud ([[Makkot]] 5b), the [[Sadducees]] held that the false witness is punished only if the defendant has already been punished. However, according to the [[Pharisees]], the false witness could be punished even if the defendant was never punished.

Because Judah ben Tabbai opposed the Sadducees, in a particular [[capital case]] in which a false witness testified, he ordered that the false witness be executed even though the defendant was not punished. According to the Talmud, this was wrong, since, under Pharisaic rules, a false witness could only be punished if there were two or more false witnesses, and in this particular case, only one of the witnesses was deemed to be a false witness. Upon realizing this error, Judah spent time at the grave of the false witness that he ordered to be executed, crying and seeking forgiveness.<ref name="Makkot5b">{{Cite book |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.5b?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi |title=The William Davidson digital edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz |publisher=Koren Publishers}}</ref><ref name="Graetz" />

== Association with Karaism ==
According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding |last=Astren |first=Fred |date=2004 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=9781570035180 |language=en}}</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref name="Halevi">{{Cite book |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm |title=Kitab al Khazari |last=[[Judah Halevi|Halevi]] |first=Judah |year=1905 |translator-last=Hirschfeld |translator-first=Hartwig}}</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref name="Revel">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft |title=The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I |last=Revel |first=Bernard |date=1913 |publisher=Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)}}</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref name="ben Aaron">{{Cite book |url=https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin |title=The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo |last=ben Aaron |first=Solomon Jedidiah |publisher=The Karaite Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-9969657-6-7 |location=Daly City, California |translator-last=Mangoubi |translator-first=Esther}}</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of [[Karaite Judaism]]. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. These new laws came to be known as the [[Oral Torah]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the [[Torah|Written Torah]], the written law which was known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], which is Judaism based on the new Oral Torah, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of [[Karaite Judaism]]. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].<ref name="ben Aaron" />

== Students ==
Among Judah ben Tabbai's students were the next ''zugot'', namely, [[Shmaya (tanna)|Shmaya]]<ref name="JE_s">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=SHEMAIAH (SAMAIAS, SAMEAS) |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13551-shemaiah-samaias-sameas |first= Joseph |last=Jacobs |volume=11 |page=268}}</ref> and [[Abtalion]]<ref name="JE_a">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=ABTALION, POLLION, or PTOLLION |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/645-abtalion-pollion |first=Louis |last=Ginzberg |volume=1 |page=136}}</ref>.<ref name="Graetz" />

== Sayings ==
In [[Pirkei Avot]], Judah ben Tabbai is quoted as saying:
{{quote|text=Do not act as an advisor among judges.

When the litigants are before you, see them as criminals.

And when the litigants have taken their leave, see them as innocent, should they have accepted the decision.|multiline=y|source=[[Pirkei Avot]] 1:8<ref name="PirkeiAvot">{{Cite book |title=Mishnah, Seder Nezikin, Tractate Avot |publisher=Wikisource|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot}}</ref>}}

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|jw}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nittai of Arbela]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Av Beit Din]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abtalion]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Zugot}}

[[Category:Mishnah rabbis]]
[[Category:Pirkei Avot rabbis]]
[[Category:Zugot]]
[[Category:History of criminal justice]]
[[Category:Chief justices]]

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 == Founder of the Yerushalmi Minhag HaQaraim ==
-According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding by Fred Asten 2004 Univ of South Carolina Press ISBN 9781570035180</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm Kitab al Khazari</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref>http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I Bernard Revel 1913 Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref>https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo The Karaite Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-9969657-6-7 |Daly City, California translated by Esther Mangoubi</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Minhag HaQaraim. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, it is claimed that he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the Pshat interpretations of the written Torah known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of Beth Hillel, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of Beth Shammai. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].(Ben Aaron)
+According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding by Fred Asten 2004 Univ of South Carolina Press ISBN 9781570035180</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm Kitab al Khazari</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref>http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I Bernard Revel 1913 Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref>https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo The Karaite Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-9969657-6-7 |Daly City, California translated by Esther Mangoubi</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Minhag HaQaraim. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, it is claimed that he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the traditional interpretations of the written Torah known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of Rabbinical Judaism, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Torah & Mishna, became the founders of Mshnaic Judaism. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].(Ben Aaron)
 This was the basis of the Yerushalmi Palestinian Minhag observed by the Romaniote Jews of Constantinople which was published in the Austrian Empire as "HaMinhag HaQaraim". When the [[Karaimite Subbotniki]] began to convert to Orthodox Judaism they came under this Minhag as the Jews who oversee the Karaimite-Subbotnik Noahites.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 27 November 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the ~~founder~~ of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews published in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with non-Orthodox [[Karaite Judaism]].	+	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the preserver of the Hyrcanian religion in the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews published in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with non-Orthodox [[Karaite Judaism]].

	== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==		== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 27 November 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews ~~pblished~~ in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with non-Orthodox [[Karaite Judaism]].	+	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews published in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with non-Orthodox [[Karaite Judaism]].

	== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==		== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 14 May 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews pblished in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with [[Karaite Judaism]].	+	'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia \|SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews pblished in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with non-Orthodox [[Karaite Judaism]].

	== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==		== Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding by Fred Asten 2004 Univ of South Carolina Press ISBN 9781570035180</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm Kitab al Khazari</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref>http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I Bernard Revel 1913 Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref>https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo The Karaite Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-9969657-6-7 |Daly City, California translated by Esther Mangoubi</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Minhag HaQaraim. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, it is claimed that he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the Pshat interpretations of the written Torah known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of Beth Hillel, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of Beth Shammai. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].(Ben Aaron)
-This was the basis of the Yerushalmi Palestinian Minhag observed buy the Romaniote Jews of Constantinople which was published in the Austrian Empire as "HaMinhag HaqQaraim". When the [[[Karaimite Subbotniki]] began to convert to Orthodox Judaism they came under this Minhag as the Jews for the Noahite Karaimite-Subbotnik Noahites.
+This was the basis of the Yerushalmi Palestinian Minhag observed by the Romaniote Jews of Constantinople which was published in the Austrian Empire as "HaMinhag HaQaraim". When the [[Karaimite Subbotniki]] began to convert to Orthodox Judaism they came under this Minhag as the Jews who oversee the Karaimite-Subbotnik Noahites.
 == Students ==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 As part of the reorganization, Salome appointed her brother [[Simeon ben Shetach]] as [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|prince (''nasi'')]] of the Sanhedrin. Simeon ben Shetach wrote a flattering letter to Judah ben Tabbai, who was still in Alexandria, inviting him to return to Jerusalem to become the Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin (''av beit din'').
-{{quote|text=With the help of Simon [Judah] undertook the reorganization of the [Sanhedrin], the improvement of the administration of the law, the re-establishment of neglected religious observances, the furthering of education, and generally the fashioning of such regulations as the times required. Like [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] of old, these two zealous men insisted upon a return to the strictest form of Judaism; and, if they were often obliged to employ severe and violent measures, these are not to be accounted to any personal malice, but to the sterness of the age itself. They were indeed scrupulously strict in their own conduct, and in directing those closely connected with them. From the days of Judah ben Tabbai and Simon ben Shetach, the rule of Judean Law, according to the view of the Pharisees, may be said to have began, and it grew and developed under each succeeding generation. These two celebrated men have therefore been called "Restorers of the [[Torah|Law]]", who "brought back the Crown (the [[Torah|Law]]) its ancient splendor."
+{{quote|text=With the help of Simon [Judah] undertook the reorganization of the [Sanhedrin], the improvement of the administration of the law, the re-establishment of neglected religious observances, the furthering of education, and generally the fashioning of such regulations as the times required. Like [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] of old, these two zealous men insisted upon a return to the strictest form of Judaism; and, if they were often obliged to employ severe and violent measures, these are not to be accounted to any personal malice, but to the sterness of the age itself. They were indeed scrupulously strict in their own conduct, and in directing those closely connected with them. From the days of Judah ben Tabbai and [[Simon ben Shetach]] , the rule of Judean Law, according to the view of the Pharisees, may be said to have began, and it grew and developed under each succeeding generation. These two celebrated men have therefore been called "Restorers of the [[Torah|Law]]", who "brought back the Crown (the [[Torah|Law]]) its ancient splendor."
 |source=[[Heinrich Graetz]] in ''History of the Jews''<ref name="Graetz">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnMtoAjig7wC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=History of the Jews: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B. C. E) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 C. E. ) |last=[[Heinrich Graetz|Graetz]] |first=Heinrich |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=9781605209425 |language=en}}</ref>}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Eras of the Halakha}}
+'''Judah ben Tabbai''' (''Yehuda ben Tabbai'') was a [[Pharisee]] scholar, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Sanhedrin]] (''[[av beit din]]''), one of "the Pairs" (''[[zugot]]'') of [[Jewish]] leaders who lived in [[first century BCE]]<ref name="JE_sbs">Jewish Encyclopedia |SIMEON BEN SHEṬAḤ url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13717-simeon-ben-shetah Wilhelm Bacher volume 11 page 357</ref>. Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Orthodox Jewish Yerushalmi "Minhag HaQaraim" of the Romaniote Jews pblished in the Austrian Empire which is not to be confused with [[Karaite Judaism]].
 == Chief Justice of the Sanhedrin ==
@@ Line 15: / Line 14: @@
 Because Judah ben Tabbai opposed the Sadducees, in a particular [[capital case]] in which a false witness testified, he ordered that the false witness be executed even though the defendant was not punished. According to the Talmud, this was wrong, since, under Pharisaic rules, a false witness could only be punished if there were two or more false witnesses, and in this particular case, only one of the witnesses was deemed to be a false witness. Upon realizing this error, Judah spent time at the grave of the false witness that he ordered to be executed, crying and seeking forgiveness.<ref name="Makkot5b">{{Cite book |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Makkot.5b?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi |title=The William Davidson digital edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz |publisher=Koren Publishers}}</ref><ref name="Graetz" />
-== Association with Karaism ==
+== Founder of the Yerushalmi Minhag HaQaraim ==
-According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding |last=Astren |first=Fred |date=2004 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=9781570035180 |language=en}}</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref name="Halevi">{{Cite book |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm |title=Kitab al Khazari |last=[[Judah Halevi|Halevi]] |first=Judah |year=1905 |translator-last=Hirschfeld |translator-first=Hartwig}}</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref name="Revel">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft |title=The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I |last=Revel |first=Bernard |date=1913 |publisher=Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)}}</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref name="ben Aaron">{{Cite book |url=https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin |title=The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo |last=ben Aaron |first=Solomon Jedidiah |publisher=The Karaite Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-9969657-6-7 |location=Daly City, California |translator-last=Mangoubi |translator-first=Esther}}</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of [[Karaite Judaism]]. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. These new laws came to be known as the [[Oral Torah]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the [[Torah|Written Torah]], the written law which was known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], which is Judaism based on the new Oral Torah, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of [[Karaite Judaism]]. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].<ref name="ben Aaron" />
+According to medieval scholars,<ref name="Astren">https://books.google.com/books?id=mCdpqhKuKqEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding by Fred Asten 2004 Univ of South Carolina Press ISBN 9781570035180</ref> such as [[Judah Halevi]],<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm Kitab al Khazari</ref> [[Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi]],<ref>http://archive.org/details/thekaraitehalaka01reveuoft The Karaite Halakah and its relation to Sadducean, Samaritan, and Philonian Halakah : Part I Bernard Revel 1913 Philadelphia : Cahan Prtg. Co. (prs.)</ref>, and [[Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron]],<ref>https://thekaraitepress.com/products/the-palanquin The Palanquin: Appiryon ‘Asa Lo The Karaite Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-9969657-6-7 |Daly City, California translated by Esther Mangoubi</ref> Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of the Minhag HaQaraim. Because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. As part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, it is claimed that he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with [[Moses]]. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the Pshat interpretations of the written Torah known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of Beth Hillel, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of Beth Shammai. This split occurred in approximately [[57 BCE]].(Ben Aaron)
 == Students ==